The 15th group of "GAV global vision 2018" organized by "agricultural materials and market" media visited Japan for advanced agricultural science and technology on October 15, 2018. Although the seven-day study tour has ended, the journey is as clear as yesterday. Through this investigation and learning, the harvest is quite abundant. In view of the similarities and differences between China's agricultural development and Japan, how should we "take the essence and discard the dregs"? Therefore, I summarized and sorted out the main contents of the investigation and discussed what aspects of Japanese agriculture are worthy of our learning and reference. This is the only way to introduce and share my personal views.
The organization was very reasonable. First, BBS allowed us to have an ideological understanding of Japan's agricultural development and current situation. Then, combined with field investigation and corresponding PPT explanation, we had a deeper understanding of Japan's agricultural development. The visiting study is mainly displayed in the following sections:
Visit to review
1. Wonderful sharing of experts on BBS.
On the morning of October 10th, four agricultural experts gave us a wonderful lecture. "The essence of the development of modern agriculture in Japan and the current situation of the development of Japanese agricultural association" by Japanese agricultural environmental expert Mr. Lin zhengming elaborated the development history of Japanese agriculture and the operation mode of Japanese agricultural association. The development of Japanese agriculture has been developed all the way under the legal mechanism, such as the transformation from individual farmers to enterprise farmers, the reduction of the number of agricultural associations, the combination of comprehensive agricultural associations and professional agricultural associations, and the refinement of social division of labor and agricultural management. But in any case, with less than 7% of the population producing more than 70% of Japan's sales, the constant innovation of agricultural products (ingredients ensure safety, rest assured, health, beauty (functional food)) has become the secret of Japanese people's health and longevity. Of course, from the data provided by teacher Lin, it can be seen that the decline of nutrition indexes of some agricultural products (such as calcium content, VC, anthocyanin, etc.) is probably related to the source of varieties (disadvantages of F1 hybridization).
The high quality of agricultural products is the foundation for Japanese agriculture to go out. Many fruits are labeled with sugar content, and data in the production process of agricultural products are quantitative indicators, including soil measurement, leaf detection, picking time and point control, etc. to visualize the production process. It is worth learning that when the growth data of a certain crop is uncertain, the corresponding data (soil test data at this time, leaf or fruit test data, etc.) should be measured after tasting the cultivated agricultural products to meet the taste requirements, and then the data will be taken as the basis for the later expansion of crop production.
Japan the ja in the process of evolution, integrated the ja added more color, such as insurance mechanism to establish production, daily life, health care, entertainment and other service projects involvement, and professional distributor can better organize farmers farmers, farmers' rights and interests maintenance, service, no comprehensive ja's complexity and profit, but at present the ja is still a very important organization. The strong and united organization of agricultural associations ensures all links of the agricultural industrial chain (from planting to terminal sales), flexibly adjusts and controls them according to market demands, and finally realizes high-quality and high prices of agricultural products, as well as advance orders and sales. I think this is a place worth learning.
By the Japanese soil expert teacher wheat island "Japanese agricultural status and soil improvement situation", mainly explained the soil improvement with the humus in the soil (here refers to the product of microbial metabolism of humic acid) content, humus soil quality as an important judgment, actually many peat on Chinese land, contains rich humus in peat, different rate of organic material the detritus, high rate of detritus corresponding nutrient supply. In some countries with abundant chemical fertilizers and pesticides, especially after the formation of the synthetic ammonia production process in the 20th century, it was found through tests that the nitrogen content in groundwater increased significantly, which resulted in the secondary non-point source pollution of groundwater quality. The high nitrogen content in some groundwater in northern China is an obvious example. The high content of nitrate and nitrogen in some fruits of agricultural products results in poor taste. Japan has devoted the past 30 years to the improvement of soil organic matter. Now the average soil organic matter can reach 3%-5%, and the quality and high yield can be achieved through soil improvement, among which the acidification resistance of organic cultivation is stronger than that of conventional cultivation (conventional chemical cultivation).
The "road of efficient management and brand growth" Shared by the Japanese Toyota consultant Mr. Fukui referred to Toyota. As a household name in Japan, the "Toyota" brand has been deeply imprinted in people's mind. Mr. Fukui introduced the development history of Toyota with his own experience, and pointed out that the establishment of corporate culture mechanism is the guarantee of quality and brand. Among them, TQM, namely customer first (consumer demand), continuous improvement (repeated inspection), full participation (value embodiment) is an important premise for the success of brand building!
By ji zhongdong, an environmental teacher in central Japan, "the reference significance of Japanese agricultural development to this study tour under the sino-us trade war". Teacher ji analyzed the impact of the trade war between China and the United States on China's agricultural development in a simple way. Under this background, the service mode of the whole industrial chain provided by the Japanese agricultural association should be suitable for China's national conditions! At the same time, teacher ji explained that Japan is a win-win agricultural developed country in harmony with nature, advocating pesticides, fertilizer reduction, soil improvement, the real blue sea, which is the most valuable place for us to learn from Japanese agriculture.
2. Chiba agricultural fair, the largest agricultural fair in Asia
(1) many of the visit for the agricultural industry dealers or manufacturers, but in the chiba agricultural fair we see pesticides, fertilizers on display are very few and chemical content is very low!
Granular organic compound fertilizer (low content)
Soil improvement, organic products (including bitter soil)
Large and medium elements measured by rapid soil analyzer:
Soil microbial and organic fertilizer fermentation:
The organic materials are rice bran + bean curd residue + rapeseed, and the corresponding feed materials, such as fish meal, bone meal, blood meal, etc., without adding fermentation bacteria, and the microbial bacteria in the air are used for self-fermentation. After applying the fermented organic fertilizer, the soil aggregate structure becomes more loose and the root system grows better, as shown in the figure below:
②Soilless cultivation and plant plants.
Hydroponics:
Cultivation of coconut bran (coconut bran + soil) :
Granule organic fertilizer mixed with soil as cultivation carrier (with heating treatment measures).
③Internet of things (monitoring air temperature and humidity, evaporation, soil temperature and humidity, PH, EC, etc.)
④Agricultural mechanization, intelligence degree is very high.
3、Visit strawberry base, qingtian agricultural supermarket and the whole industrial chain.
Visited the strawberry planting base and agricultural supermarket, and had the honor to listen to the agricultural supermarket responsible person to its business model selfless share. For strawberry base, compared with domestic soilless cultivation (coconut husk cultivation, rock cotton cultivation), its water and fertilizer irrigation part is more common, especially the first control system, through the setting time to determine the number of times per day and the amount of fertilizer, a controller can solve the problem.
Compared with the first system of advanced drip irrigation, the number of times of fertilizing can be up to dozens of times per day according to the daily moisture evaporation and the feedback value of ET and Kc from the computer. From the perspective of nutrient fertilization, the type of fertilization is fixed formula fertilizer, that is, A large amount of elemental water-soluble fertilizer. According to different growth periods, the formula of high nitrogen, high phosphorus and high potassium is selected, and the necessary nutrient elements of plants are not supplemented every time. If fertilization is carried out through A, B, C and acid-regulating pump, it will be more accurate. Of course, the substrate in the cultivation strip can be used for 7 to 10 years to do a better job. The lower layer of the substrate is made of cinder, with good ventilation and permeability, which can avoid root water causing root necrosis and reduce root rot at the same time! The upper layer is also relatively loose granular matrix and fertilizer, which is conducive to root growth. Two rows (plant spacing 25cm row spacing 25cm) were planted in each cultivation strip, which was not parallel alignment but staggered planting, so as to facilitate the ventilation and light transmission of upper plants and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. In terms of agricultural machinery, I think the mobile dosing machine saves part of the labor and at the same time the uniformity of pesticides will be better, but it needs to be used in the planting path, which is also a good way to apply in China's large and medium-sized bases!
Almost all the agricultural products (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) and agricultural machinery and instruments matching the planting can be found in the supermarket. Meanwhile, the agricultural products planted by farmers can be sold here. The name of the producer can be marked on the packaging of each product, which solves the problem of selling hard for local farmers! In order to solve the problem of difficult selling for farmers, qingtian agribusiness supermarket integrates all links of the agricultural industry chain, and compared with China, it needs less professional and technical personnel to guide. However, in any case, we can learn from the operation mode or thinking mode of qingtian agricultural industrial chain, and combine China's agricultural national conditions and current situation, to take the service mode of the whole industrial chain with Chinese characteristics and suitable for China.
4、Organic cultivation and soil improvement of wing tin wing apple.
Visit yongtian rongyi teacher apple planting base, benefit a lot. From seedling to planting to harvest, the dosage of medicine and fertilizer in the whole process is very small, but diseases and insect pests and deficiency symptoms are also rare, so the cost of agricultural materials only accounts for 30%. The pesticides are mainly bordeaux liquid (self-mixing of high concentration) and biological pesticides, which are used about 8 times a year (good ecological environment protection, low resistance to diseases and insect pests, conventional pesticides can be used for prevention and control). Fertilizers with mushroom fungus bag and fermentation organic fertilizer mixed completely as fertilizers, every spring and fall fertilization, appear weak tree ground broadcasting the ammonium nitrate, and don't make the commune cultivation in 40 years, at the same time increase the source of organic matter field weeds after mowing, year after year, loose soil permeability, organic matter can be as high as 5%, 6%, root depth range of 60 cm soil also not harden! Tian Rong never compared to domestic heavy use of chemical fertilizer, one of apple planting base has to return uncut jade to put in, through the organic matter and beneficial microbes form of soil ecological environment, the slow decomposition of crop nutrient elements necessary to release (start applying lili fertilizer before harvest, to pick the fruit preparation for tree, with the domestic mining lili fertilizer after comparison and reference). And a lot of domestic farmers apply chemical fertilizer in large quantities, want the crop to go into production immediately, the pursuit of returns, the state of mind is more anxious, the interests of the first! It can be seen that the mentality of Japanese people and Japanese planting mentality and starting point is different, of course, this and the Japanese environmental protection and the pursuit of harmony with nature is closely related to the concept!
Different national conditions, different backgrounds, created the difference between our agricultural development! The drip irrigation belt of apple has a certain distance from the ground, so it can clearly check the dripping state when dripping water, and it is not easy to damage the drip belt when weeding artificially. This method can be used for reference in the southern planting base. Apple pruning due to dwarfing planting (seedling with first-grade rootstock for the majority of the mother, rootstock from the ground about 40 cm), follow the principle of strong branches to leave weak branches. The secondary grade branch of lateral branch leaves a branch to go commonly next branch, rise to hang fruit to be strewn at random have send naturally! Fruit orchards can be as old as 93 and as young as 85! The sustainable cultivation of Japanese agriculture and their dedicated, scientific and patient attitude are worth learning from.
5、Visit tomato soilless cultivation.
Visited the soilless cultivation of tomato rock wool. The first system used computer software to control the irrigation in the shed (arrow dropping) and the switch of the shed window (ultraviolet and visible light can be filtered completely), and adjusted The Times of fertilization by monitoring the temperature and humidity and evaporation and feeding them back to the computer automatically. With fat fat part adopts raw materials (basic elemental and chelating trace element fertilizer) in five two tons of mother liquor tank configuration (has two channels, at the same time fully use) to draw after working liquid tank and water mix, one of the working liquid tank for recycling of the liquid is disinfected and then mixed with mother liquor by EC and PH value of the test solution as a new work again after liquid recycling (50% fertilizer cost savings). Due to the low PH of the water, the preacid treatment was not carried out, and the ORP was increased after the water quality was treated with certain technology to make the plant roots better for aerobic respiration. The working liquid PH at the beginning of secondary fruit ripening was 6.5, and the EC was 4.5ms/ms. Rock wool cultivation strips are adopted in the shed. Two connected fixed rock wool blocks are divided into three branches, and a single rock wool block is divided into two branches. Each branch can harvest about 38 clusters in one planting cycle.
Planting begins in August and picking begins in October. Under the cultivation strips, the photosynthesis of leaves was promoted by supplementing CO2, and the return liquid was recovered along the side grooves after seeping through rock wool. There is a track lane between the cultivation strips, and the track car can be lifted and lowered, and it is convenient to pick and transport by electric motor. Besides, the track can also be filled with medicine by parallel type dosing machine, which is highly efficient and even. The dosing needs to be done twice a month. Pollinated by bumblebee (changed every two months), the seeds are plump, the meat is sweet and sour, and the highest sugar degree in winter can reach more than 10 degrees. The whole plant is very clean, the tomato grows comely, strong, give a person feeling is relaxed, neat, without disease and insect pest and lack element card.
The value of reference for
1. Operation mode of agricultural associations, as well as agricultural supermarkets and whole industrial chain institutions.
Just think why the Japanese association of agricultural organizations do so sound, it is because the association has a certain leadership, and even can affect the political level of relevant decision-making, at the same time, the country attaches great importance to agricultural development, the transmission of the implementation is very good, with legal protection, this is the macro control of the agricultural economy.
Cooperative organizations similar to Japan agricultural association in China, though they can form synergy or cluster together to a certain extent, do not have enough planning for the market, such as the regional division of planting crops, the establishment of standard system for the appreciation of agricultural products, and scientific guidance of data visualization. The establishment of agricultural supermarkets and institutions of the whole industrial chain in China may not be feasible, because we have too many people and the comprehensive planting level of farmers is low. To some extent, regular training and guidance of agricultural technicians are required. Moreover, in the context of chaotic competition, farmers do not know who to choose.
If China's agriculture is to develop and grow, we cannot rely too much on imports. Instead, we need to establish our own agricultural ecological cycle, so that farmers can have a basic guarantee from planting to sales terminals, and thus form a closed agricultural industrial chain. I believe this day will come, but it is only a matter of time!
2. Organic planting concept and soil improvement.
Japan is a country that lives in harmony with nature. The idea of living in harmony with nature is that harmony is the most precious. Therefore, in today's agriculture, they have achieved a win-win situation. Japan's organic farming is not completely free of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. The apple base we visited in nagata is organic farming, which also USES a small amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the fruits grown are indeed delicious, which is recognized by everyone! China is a country with a large population. If most of the crops are grown organically, how will the yield and quality be guaranteed? So first we should change the idea of organic farming!
In addition, soil conservation and improvement in organic cultivation are also worthy of our reference. By adding organic matter and microbial fertilizer to the soil, the beneficial micro-ecological environment is formed. The soil is loose and breathable.
In view of most soil acidification in the south, we can increase the application of acidic soil improvement and PH value improvement products (including calcium, magnesium, silicon, etc.). Granular soil improvement products are not easy to cause soil hardening, and can release nutrients slowly in the soil to improve the soil aggregate structure:
3、Agricultural fair exhibitors content Settings.
After visiting the chiba agricultural fair, we found that the layout of the fair is orderly, the design is very clear, the single-page introduction is clear, and the sound is very quiet. In the introduction, although sometimes the language is not, but the introducer is very happy to listen to your inquiries, even if there are more people will not simply send you, in the introduction of the time and text, data analysis, computer display, there are actual scene comparison figure, simulation model, a professional technician introduced.
4、Sunlight utilization plant factory.
Plant plants, through artificial light, according to different crops, choose the appropriate light intensity, light wave length to facilitate the photosynthesis of crops to accumulate carbohydrates. At the same time, small family plants can meet the needs of daily life vegetables, but also for supermarkets, hotels and other sources.
5，Dedicated, professional craftsman spirit.
The "maruyuan saw factory" we visited this time produced saws for 96 years. The small saw factory has passed on from generation to generation. The saws we produced are a combination of the three functions of ordinary saws, striving for perfection. Tian Rong one apple base, the biggest age 93 years old, 40 years not to commune, soil remains healthy, especially as China's small farmers we should learn more grow by means of soil, content of high quality fruit, many farmers sink any heart, blind pursuit of production, heavy use of chemical fertilizer after lead to soil acidification, salinization, the results of the agricultural products a year than a year. Therefore, we should establish the awareness of soil conservation, focus on long-term interests, focus on professional craftsman spirit, and realize the sustainable development of agricultural planting.
6, fruit and vegetable products marked sugar.
When buy fruit and vegetable products, with a lot of people often feel or pass a taste in order to determine whether or not delicious, tasting of agricultural products and there is no quantitative concepts, such as we often mention oranges, grapes, tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables, agricultural products, the stand or fall of taste, a lot of time is to use the fruit sugar, acidity, melting rate, VC, amino acids, such as for tasting, if can indicate the sugar, acidity in the selling of agricultural products, and even VC, amino acids, such as the level for us to buy and to judge can make reasonable choice.
The above content is the visit to Japan a little learning experience, through writing this article, its purpose is mainly to learn from the good things in Japanese agriculture, combined with China's national conditions or actual situation "take its essence, discard its dross", some of the views to be verified in practice, also welcome peer criticism and guidance or Suggestions. Finally, I would like to thank "agricultural materials and market" for organizing this activity. I hope everyone can make persistent efforts to create a better tomorrow for China's agriculture.
